| Other Tafsir by Ibn Kathir | Read Surah Al-Baqarah | Journals |
| Online Lecture by Nouman Ali Khan |
Al-Baqarah - 2:31
| Previous: Ayah 26-30 | Next: Ayah 36-40 | Tafsir by Ibn Kathir |
The Virtue of Adam over the Angels
Allah stated the virtue of Adam above the angels, because He taught Adam, rather than them, the names of everything. This occurred after they prostrated to him. This discussion precedes that event here, only to show the importance of his position, and the absence of the angels' knowledge about creating the Khalifah when they asked about it. So Allah informed the angels that He knows what they do not know, and then He mentioned this to show them Adam's superiority over them in knowledge.
Allah said,
وَعَلَّمَ ادَمَ الَاسْمَاء كُلَّهَا
And He taught Adam all the names (of everything).
Ad-Dahhak said that Ibn Abbas commented on the Ayah; "Meaning, the names that people use, such as human, animal, sky, earth, land, sea, horse, donkey, and so forth, including the names of the other species."
Ibn Abi Hatim and Ibn Jarir reported that Asim bin Kulayb narrated from Sa'id bin Ma'bad that;
Ibn Abbas was questioned,
وَعَلَّمَ ادَمَ الَاسْمَاء كُلَّهَا
(And He taught Adam all the names (of everything) "Did Allah teach him the names of the plate and the pot?"
He said, "Yes, and even the terms for breaking wind!"
Allah taught Adam the names of everything, their proper names, the names of their characteristics, and what they do, just as Ibn Abbas stated about the terms for passing gas.
In his Sahih, Al-Bukhari explained this Ayah in the Book of Tafsir with a report from Anas bin Malik who said that the Messenger of Allah said,
يَجْتَمِعُ الْمُومِنُونَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فَيَقُولُونَ لَوِ اسْتَشْفَعْنَا إِلَى رَبِّنَا
The believers will gather on the Day of Resurrection and will say, 'We should seek a means of intercession with our Lord.'
فَيَأْتُونَ ادَمَ فَيَقُولُونَ أَنْتَ أَبُو النَّاسِ خَلَقَكَ اللهُ بِيَدِهِ وَأَسْجَدَ لَكَ مَلَيِكَتَهُ وَعَلَّمَكَ أَسْمَاءَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَاشْفَعْ لَنَا عِنْدَ رَبِّكَ حَتَّى يُريحَنَا مِنْ مَكَانِنَا هَذا
They will go to Adam and say, 'O Adam! You are the father of all mankind, Allah created you with His Own Hand, ordered the angels to prostrate for you and taught you the names of everything. Will you not intercede for us with your Lord, so that he relieve us from this gathering place.'
فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ وَيَذْكُرُ ذَنْبَهُ فَيَسْتَحْيِي ايْتُوا نُوحًا فإِنَّهُ أَوَّلُ رَسُولٍ بَعَثَهُ اللهُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الاَْرْضِ
On that Adam will reply, 'I cannot do what you have asked'. He will have remembered his error and will be embarrassed, saying, 'Go to Nuh, for he is the first of Allah's Messengers whom Allah sent to the people of the earth.'
فَيَأْتُونَه
They will go to Nuh and ask him.
فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُناكُمْ وَيَذْكُر سُوَالَه رَبَّه مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ بِه عِلْم فَيَسْتَحْيِي فَيَقُولُ ايْتُوا خَلِيلَ الرَّحْمن
He will say, 'I cannot do what you have asked.' He will recall asking Allah what he was not to know, and will also be embarrassed. He will say, 'Go to Khalil Ar-Rahman.'
فَيَأْتُونَهُ فَيقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ فَيَقُولُ ايْتُوا مُوسَى عَبْدًا كَلَّمَهُ اللهُ وَأعْطَاهُ التَّوْرَاةَ
They will go to Ibrahim and he will also say, 'I cannot do what you have asked.' He will say, 'Go to Musa, a servant to whom Allah spoke directly and gave the Tawrah.'
فَيقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُم فَيَذْكُرُ قَتْلَ النَّفْسِ بِغَيْرِ نَفْسٍ فَيَسْتَحْيِي مِنْ رَبِّهِ فَيَقُولُ ايْتُوا عِيسى عَبْدَاللهِ وَرَسُولَهُ وَكَلِمَةَ اللهِ ورُوحَهُ
Musa will say, 'I cannot do what you have asked.' He will remember that he killed a person without justification and will be embarrassed before his Lord. He will say, 'Go to 'Isa, Allah's servant and Messenger and His Word and a spirit of His.'
فَيَأْتُونَهُ فَيَقُولُ لَسْتُ هُنَاكُمْ ايْتُوا مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدًا غُفِرَ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّم مِنْ ذَنْبِهِ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ
They will go to 'Isa and he will say, 'I will not do what you asked. Go to Muhammad, a servant whose previous and latter errors were forgiven.'
فَيَأْتُونِّي فأَنْطَلِقُ حَتَّى أَسْتأذِنَ عَلَى رَبِّي فيَأْذَنُ لِي
They will come to me, and I will go to Allah and seek His permission and He will give me His permission.
فإِذَا رأَيْتُ رَبِّي وَقَعْتُ سَاجِدًا فَيَدَعُنِي مَا شَاءَ اللهُ
When I gaze at my Lord, I will prostrate myself and Allah will allow me to remain like that as much as He will.
ثُمَّ يُقَالُ ارْفَعْ رَأْسَكَ وَسَلْ تُعْطَهْ وَقُلْ يُسْمَعْ وَاشْفَعْ تُشَفَّعْ
Then I will be addressed, 'O Muhammad! Raise your head; ask, for you will be given what you ask, and intercede, for your intercession will be accepted.'
فأَرْفَعُ رَأْسِي فأَحْمَدُهُ بِتَحْمِيدٍ يُعَلِّمُنِيهِ ثُمَّ أَشْفَعُ فَيُحَدُّ لِي حَدًّا فأُدْخِلُهُمُ الْجَنَّةَ
I will raise my head and thank and praise Allah with such praise as He will inspire me. I will intercede and He will grant me a quantity of people that He will admit into Paradise.
ثُمَّ أَعُودُ إلَيْهِ فَإذَا رَأَيْتُ رَبِّي مِثْلَهُ ثُمَّ أَشْفَعُ فَيُحَدُّ لِي حدًّا فأُدْخِلُهُمُ الْجَنَّةَ
I will go back to Him, and when I see my Lord, I will intercede and He will allow me a quantity that He will admit into Paradise.
ثُمَّ أَعُودُ الثَّالِثَةَ ثُمَّ أعُودُ الرَّابِعَةَ
I will do that for a third and then a fourth time.
فَأَقُولُ مَا بَقِيَ فِي النَّار إلاَّ مَنْ حَبَسَهُ الْقُرْانُ وَوَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْخُلُود
I will say, 'There are no more people left in Hell except those whom the Qur'an has incarcerated and have thus acquired eternity in Hell.'
This Hadith was collected by Muslim, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah.
The reason why we mentioned this Hadith here is the Prophet's statement,
فَيَأْتُونَ ادَمَ فَيَقُولُون أنْتَ أَبُو النَّاسِ خَلَقَكَ اللهُ بِيَدِهِ وَأَسْجَدَ لَكَ مَلَيِكَتَهُ وَعَلَّمَكَ أَسْمَاءَ كُلِّ شَيْء
They will go to Adam and say, 'O Adam! You are the father of all mankind, and Allah created you with His Own Hand, ordered the angels to prostrate for you, and taught you the names of everything.
This part of the Hadith testifies to the fact that Allah taught Adam the names of all creatures.
This is why Allah said,
ثُمَّ عَرَضَهُمْ عَلَى الْمَلَيِكَةِ
Then He showed them to the angels, meaning, the objects or creations.
Abdur-Razzaq narrated that Ma'mar said that Qatadah said,
"Allah paraded the objects before the angels,
فَقَالَ أَنبِيُونِي بِأَسْمَاء هَـوُلاء إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِينَ
And said, "Tell Me the names of these if you are truthful"."
Allah's statement means,
"Tell Me the names of what I paraded before you, O angels who said,
أَتَجْعَلُ فِيهَا مَن يُفْسِدُ فِيهَا وَيَسْفِكُ الدِّمَاء
(Will You place therein those who will make mischief therein and shed blood), (2:30). You asked, 'Are You appointing a Khalifah from us or from other creations We praise and glorify You.
Therefore, Allah said, "If you say the truth, that if I appoint a non-angel Khalifah on the earth, he and his offspring will disobey Me, commit mischief and shed blood, but if I designate you the Khalifahs you will obey Me, follow My command and honor and glorify Me. However, since you do not know the names of the objects I paraded before you, then you have even less knowledge of what will occur on the earth that does not exist yet."
Al-Baqarah - 2:32
قَالُواْ سُبْحَانَكَ لَا عِلْمَ لَنَا إِلاَّ مَا عَلَّمْتَنَا إِنَّكَ أَنتَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ
They (angels) said:"Glory is to You, we have no knowledge except what you have taught us. Verily, it is You, the Knower, the Wise."
Here the angels are praising Allah's holiness, and perfection above every kind of deficiency, affirming that no creature could ever acquire any part of Allah's knowledge, except by His permission, nor could anyone know anything except what Allah teaches them. This is why they said,
سُبْحَانَكَ لَا عِلْمَ لَنَا إِلاَّ مَا عَلَّمْتَنَا إِنَّكَ أَنتَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ
("Glory is to You, we have no knowledge except what you have taught us. Verily You are the Knower, the Wise) meaning, Allah is knowledgeable of everything, Most Wise about His creation, and He makes the wisest decisions, and He teaches and deprives whom He wills from knowledge. Verily, Allah's wisdom and justice in all matters is perfect.
Al-Baqarah - 2:33
Adam's Virtue of Knowledge is demonstrated
Allah said,
قَالَ يَا ادَمُ أَنبِيْهُم بِأَسْمَأيِهِمْ فَلَمَّا أَنبَأَهُمْ بِأَسْمَأيِهِمْ قَالَ أَلَمْ أَقُل لَّكُمْ إِنِّي أَعْلَمُ غَيْبَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالَارْضِ وَأَعْلَمُ مَا تُبْدُونَ وَمَا كُنتُمْ تَكْتُمُونَ
He said: "O Adam! Inform them of their names," and when he had informed them of their names, He said: "Did I not tell you that I know the Ghayb (unseen) in the heavens and the earth, and I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing!"
Zayd bin Aslam said, "You are Jibril, you are Mikhail, you are Israfil, until he mentioned the name of the crow."
Mujahid said that Allah's statement,
قَالَ يَا ادَمُ أَنبِيْهُم بِأَسْمَأيِهِمْ
(He said:"O Adam! Inform them of their names"),
"The name of the pigeon, the crow and everything."
Statements of a similar meaning were reported from Sa'id bin Jubayr, Al-Hasan, and Qatadah.
When Adam's virtue over the angels became apparent, as he mentioned the names that Allah taught him, Allah said to the angels,
أَلَمْ أَقُل لَّكُمْ إِنِّي أَعْلَمُ غَيْبَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالَارْضِ وَأَعْلَمُ مَا تُبْدُونَ وَمَا كُنتُمْ تَكْتُمُونَ
Did I not tell you that I know the Ghayb (unseen) in the heavens and the earth, and I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing!
This means, "Did I not state that I know the seen and unseen matters."
Similarly, Allah said,
وَإِن تَجْهَرْ بِالْقَوْلِ فَإِنَّهُ يَعْلَمُ السِّرَّ وَأَخْفَى
And if you (O Muhammad) speak (the invocation) aloud, then verily, He knows the secret and that which is yet more hidden. (20:7)
Also, Allah said about the hoopoe, that it said to Suleiman;
أَلاَّ يَسْجُدُواْ للَّهِ الَّذِى يُخْرِجُ الْخَبْءَ فِى السَّمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرْضِ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا تُخْفُونَ وَمَا تُعْلِنُونَ
اللَّهُ لَا إِلَـهَ إِلاَّ هُوَ رَبُّ الْعَرْشِ الْعَظِيمِ
(As Shaytan (Satan) has barred them from Allah's way) so they do not prostrate before Allah, Who brings to light what is hidden in the heavens and the earth, and knows what you conceal and what you reveal. Allah, La ilaha illa Huwa (none has the right to be worshipped but He), the Lord of the Supreme Throne! (27:25-26)
They also have comments other than what we have said about the meaning of Allah's statement,
وَأَعْلَمُ مَا تُبْدُونَ وَمَا كُنتُمْ تَكْتُمُونَ
And I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing.
It is reported from Ad-Dahhak that Ibn Abbas said that it means,
"I know the secrets, just as I know the apparent things, such as, what Iblis concealed in his heart of arrogance and pride."
Abu Jafar Ar-Razi narrated that Ar-Rabi bin Anas said that,
وَأَعْلَمُ مَا تُبْدُونَ وَمَا كُنتُمْ تَكْتُمُونَ
(And I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing) means,
"The apparent part of what they said was:'Do you create in it that which would commit mischief and shed blood!'
The hidden meaning was:'We have more knowledge and honor than any creation our Lord would create.'
But they came to know that Allah favored Adam above them regarding knowledge and honor.
Al-Baqarah - 2:34
Honoring Adam when the Angels prostrated before Him
Allah tells;
وَإِذْ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلَيِكَةِ اسْجُدُواْ لادَمَ فَسَجَدُواْ إِلاَّ إِبْلِيسَ أَبَى وَاسْتَكْبَرَ وَكَانَ مِنَ الْكَافِرِينَ
And (remember) when We said to the angels:"Prostrate yourselves before Adam." And they prostrated except Iblis (Shaytan), he refused and was proud and was one of the disbelievers (disobedient to Allah).
This Ayah mentions the great honor that Allah granted Adam, and Allah reminded Adam's offspring of this fact.
Allah commanded the angels to prostrate before Adam, as this Ayah and many Hadiths testify, such as the Hadith about the intercession that we discussed.
There is a Hadith about the supplication of Musa,
"O my Lord! Show me Adam who caused us and himself to be thrown out of Paradise."
When Musa met Adam, he said to him, "Are you Adam whom Allah created with His Own Hands, blew life into and commanded the angels to prostrate before!"
Iblis was among Those ordered to prostrate before Adam, although He was not an Angel
When Allah commanded the angels to prostrate before Adam, Iblis was included in this command. Although Iblis was not an angel, he was trying - and pretending - to imitate the angels' behavior and deeds, and this is why he was also included in the command to the angels to prostrate before Adam.
Satan was criticized for defying that command, as we will explain with detail, Allah willing, when we mention the Tafsir of Allah's statement,
إِلاَّ إِبْلِيسَ كَانَ مِنَ الْجِنِّ فَفَسَقَ عَنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّهِ
(Except Iblis (Satan). He was one of the Jinn; he disobeyed the command of his Lord), (18:50).
Similarly, Muhammad bin Ishaq reported that Ibn Abbas said,
"Before he undertook the path of sin, Iblis was with the angels and was called 'Azazil.' He was among the residents of the earth and was one of the most active worshippers and knowledgeable persons among the angels. This fact caused him to be arrogant. Iblis was from a genus called Jinn."
The Prostration was before Adam but the Obedience was to Allah
Qatadah commented on Allah's statement,
وَإِذْ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلَيِكَةِ اسْجُدُواْ لادَمَ
(And (remember) when We said to the angels:"Prostrate yourselves before Adam"),
"The obedience was for Allah and the prostration was before Adam. Allah honored Adam and commanded the angels to prostrate before him."
Some people said that this prostration was just a prostration of greeting, peace and honor, hence Allah's statement,
وَرَفَعَ أَبَوَيْهِ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ وَخَرُّواْ لَهُ سُجَّدَا وَقَالَ يأَبَتِ هَـذَا تَأْوِيلُ رُوْيَـى مِن قَبْلُ قَدْ جَعَلَهَا رَبِّى حَقًّا
And he (Prophet Yusuf) raised his parents to the throne and they fell down before him prostrate. And he said:"O my father! This is the interpretation of my dream aforetime! My Lord has made it come true!" (12:100)
The practice of prostrating was allowed for previous nations, but was repealed for ours.
Mu'adh said to the Prophet,
"I visited Ash-Sham and found that they used to prostate before their priests and scholars. You, O Messenger of Allah, are more deserving of prostration."
The Prophet said,
لَاا لَوْ كُنْتُ امِرًا بَشَرًا أنْ يَسْجُدَ لِبَشَرٍ لَااَمَرْتُ الْمَرْأةَ أنْ تَسْجُدَ لِزَوجِهَا مِنْ عِظَمِ حَقِّهِ عَلَيْهَا
No. If I was to command any human to prostrate before another human, I would command the wife to prostrate before her husband because of the enormity of his right on her.
Ar-Razi agreed with this view.
Also, Qatadah said about Allah's statement,
فَسَجَدُواْ إِلاَّ إِبْلِيسَ أَبَى وَاسْتَكْبَرَ وَكَانَ مِنَ الْكَافِرِينَ
(And they prostrated except Iblis (Shaytan), he refused and was proud and was one of the disbelievers (disobedient to Allah), "Iblis, the enemy of Allah, envied Adam because Allah honored Adam. He said, 'I was created from fire, and he was created from clay.' Therefore, the first error ever committed was arrogance, for the enemy of Allah was too arrogant to prostrate before Adam."
I - Ibn Kathir - say, the following is recorded in the Sahih,
لَاا يَدْخُلُ الْجَنَّةَ مَنْ كَانَ فِي قَلْبِهِ مِثْقَالُ حَبَّةٍ مِنْ خَرْدَلٍ مِنْ كِبْر
No person who has the weight of a mustard seed of arrogance in his heart shall enter Paradise.
Iblis had disbelief, arrogance, and rebellion, all of which caused him to be expelled from the holy presence of Allah, and His mercy.
Al-Baqarah - 2:35
Adam was honored again
Allah tells;
وَقُلْنَا يَا ادَمُ اسْكُنْ أَنتَ وَزَوْجُكَ الْجَنَّةَ وَكُلَ مِنْهَا رَغَداً حَيْثُ شِيْتُمَا وَلَا تَقْرَبَا هَـذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ فَتَكُونَا مِنَ الْظَّالِمِينَ
And We said:"O Adam! Dwell you and your wife in the Paradise and eat both of you freely with pleasure and delight, of things therein wherever you will, but come not near this tree or you both will be of the Zalimin (wrongdoers)."
Allah honored Adam by commanding the angels to prostrate before him, so they all complied except for Iblis. Allah then allowed Adam to live and eat wherever and whatever he wished in Paradise.
Al-Hafiz Abu Bakr bin Marduwyah reported Abu Dharr saying,
"I said, 'O Messenger of Allah! Was Adam a Prophet?'
He said,
نَعَمْ نَبِيًّا رَسُولاً كَلَّمَهُ اللَّهُ قُبُلً
Yes. He was a Prophet and a Messenger to whom Allah spoke directly,
meaning,
اسْكُنْ أَنتَ وَزَوْجُكَ الْجَنَّةَ
((O Adam!) Dwell you and your wife in the Paradise)."
Hawwa' was created before Adam entered Paradise
Muhammad bin Ishaq stated,
The Ayah (2:35) indicates that Hawwa was created before Adam entered Paradise.
Ibn Ishaq said,
"After Allah finished criticizing Iblis, and after teaching Adam the names of everything, He said,
قَالَ يَا ادَمُ أَنبِيْهُم بِأَسْمَأيِهِمْ
(O Adam! Inform them of their names...) until, the end of the Ayah and I know what you reveal and what you have been concealing. (2:33)
Then Adam fell asleep, as the People of the Book and other scholars such as Ibn Abbas have stated, Allah took one of Adam's left ribs and made flesh grow in its place, while Adam was asleep and unaware. Allah then created Adam's wife, Hawwa, from his rib and made her a woman, so that she could be a comfort for him.
When Adam woke up and saw Hawwa next to him, it was claimed, he said, 'My flesh and blood, my wife.' Hence, Adam reclined with Hawwa.
When Allah married Adam to Hawwa and gave him comfort, Allah said to him directly,
وَقُلْنَا يَا ادَمُ اسْكُنْ أَنتَ وَزَوْجُكَ الْجَنَّةَ وَكُلَ مِنْهَا رَغَداً حَيْثُ شِيْتُمَا وَلَا تَقْرَبَا هَـذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ فَتَكُونَا مِنَ الْظَّالِمِينَ
"O Adam! Dwell you and your wife in the Paradise and eat both of you freely with pleasure and delight, of things therein wherever you will, but come not near this tree or you both will be of the Zalimin (wrongdoers)."
Allah tests Adam
Allah's statement to Adam,
وَلَا تَقْرَبَا هَـذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ
(but come not near this tree) is a test for Adam. There are conflicting opinions over the nature of the tree mentioned here.
Some said that it was the grape tree, barley, date tree, fig tree, and so forth. Some said that it was a certain tree, and whoever eats from it will be relieved of the call of nature. It was also said that it was a tree from which the angels eat so that they live for eternity.
Imam Abu Jafar bin Jarir said,
"The correct opinion is that Allah forbade Adam and his wife from eating from a certain tree in Paradise, but they ate from it. We do not know which tree that was, because Allah has not mentioned anything in the Qur'an or the authentic Sunnah about the nature of this tree. It was said that it was barley, grape, or a fig tree. It is possible that it was one of those trees. Yet, this is knowledge that does not bring any benefit, just as being ignorant in its nature does no harm. Allah knows best."
This is similar to what Ar-Razi stated in his Tafsir, and this is the correct opinion.
| Previous: Ayah 26-30 | Next: Ayah 36-40 | Tafsir by Ibn Kathir |
